Lin’s research explains that because bombs are more likely to fail when dropped on soft, more fertile, ground, farmers with rich soil are left with land potentially riddled with undetonated bombs.
What was the impact of WW1 on agriculture?
The impact of the War on Agriculture and Land During the war agricultural production in South Africa received a major stimulus as a result of increased demand inside the country and a growing export market. The war had reduced the role of foreign competition as agricultural production in Europe was severely disrupted during the war years.
What obstacles did farmers face during WW2?
The other major obstacle to farmers increasing their output in response to wartime demand was the shortage of farmworkers. It is estimated that about 16 million Americans served in the armed forces during the course of World War II, including hundreds of thousands who had previously worked as either farmers or farmworkers.
How were those who worked on farms treated during the war?
For much of the war those who worked on farms were treated favourably when it came to conscription into the armed forces as food was such an essential part of the war effort.
What were the main problems for farms during the Civil War?
The main problems for farms were the loss of men to the army, and also the need for horses as they too were taken for military service. These problems were overcome by the increasing use of machinery such as early tractors.
How was agriculture affected by ww1?
When the war ended (less than three months after the 1918 convention), demand for agricultural products sank, prices plummeted, farm incomes shrank, and the efficiency imperative evaporated.
How did the war affect farming?
Despite the obstacles they faced, American farmers were able to expand their crop acreage during the war, increasing harvested acres of corn, wheat, and oats by 9 percent, 15 percent, and 22 percent respectively between 1940 and 1945, according to data collected under the Census of Agriculture.
How was the environment affected by ww1?
In terms of environmental impact, World War I was most damaging, because of landscape changes caused by trench warfare. Digging trenches caused trampling of grassland, crushing of plants and animals, and churning of soil. Erosion resulted from forest logging to expand the network of trenches.
What impact did weapons in the air have on ww1?
From 1915, air raids by aeroplanes and airships brought the realities of war to the home front. They became a common threat with attacks aimed at both civilian and industrial areas. The use of Zeppelin airships caused fear throughout Britain and the government used this fear to help the recruitment drive.
Why was the agricultural sector suffering after WWI?
During the 1920s? During WWI, farmers suffered from inflation due to the Government demanding an increase in growth of crops in order to feed the military. And in the 1920s, farmers suffered even worse from inflation because of too much supply in the system. Farmers were trapped in a cycle of debt.
How did the farms and agriculture change after WWII?
By the end of World War II, the farm economy once again faced the challenge of overproduction. Technological advances, such as the introduction of gasoline- and electric-powered machinery and the widespread use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, meant production per hectare was higher than ever.
How does war affect resources?
Weapons and military materiel used during conflicts also leave environmental legacies. Land mines, cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war can restrict access to agricultural land and pollute soils and water sources with metals and toxic energetic materials.
How was ww1 destructive?
The loss of life was greater than in any previous war in history, in part because militaries were using new technologies, including tanks, airplanes, submarines, machine guns, modern artillery, flamethrowers, and poison gas.
How does war ruin the environment?
But even when environmental destruction is not deliberate, war can cause deep damage. Soldiers dig trenches, tanks flatten vegetation, bombs scar landscapes and explosives ignite fires. Weapons spew toxic gases and particulates into the air and leak heavy metals into soil and water.
How did technology change the nature of warfare during the Great war?
This is basically correct. Technological developments in engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, and optics had produced weapons deadlier than anything known before. The power of defensive weapons made winning the war on the western front all but impossible for either side.
What was the most effective weapon in WW1?
Artillery Gun The First World War saw many developments in weapons like bomber aircraft, and automatic and portable machine guns, but it was dominated by artillery pieces. Their main aim was to fire explosive-filled projectiles over large distances.
What is poison gas and what were its effects if used as a weapon?
The primary form of blister agent used in that conflict was sulfur mustard, popularly known as mustard gas. Casualties were inflicted when personnel were attacked and exposed to blister agents like sulfur mustard or lewisite. Delivered in liquid or vapour form, such weapons burn the skin, eyes, windpipe, and lungs.
What was the first thing farmers profited from?
At first, farmers profited from the increased need. For example, in 1917 the government bought all wool sheared from sheep in Britain to produce uniforms and army blankets. At the same time, the wages of skilled ploughmen and shepherds doubled.
What happened to the U-boats in the Atlantic?
A captured U-boat in the Atlantic. When war broke out imports were threatened by Germany’s U-boat campaign which sought to starve Britain into sub mission: By October 1915, when Germany called off her first U-boat campaign, 900,000 tons of British shipping had been sunk.
What was the war effort?
The war effort required both sufficient food for people and fodder for animals. Britain depended on tens of thousands of horses for transportation, not only within Britain but also on the Western Front. When war broke out, Britain was not producing enough to feed its population.
How much food did Britain produce in 1914?
Before the war, farmers in Britain faced hard times as public demand for cheap food led to an increasing reliance on foreign imports: In 1914 Britain produced 40 per cent of the food it consumed – enough to last for only three days per week.
What were the problems of farming?
The main problems for farms were the loss of men to the army, and also the need for horses as they too were taken for military service. These problems were overcome by the increasing use of machinery such as early tractors.
How did the Department of Agriculture distribute commodity support payments?
The postwar U.S. Department of Agriculture distributed commodity support payments according to the total output and landholdings of farmers; marginal producers received less and were thereby encouraged (in many cases forced) to leave farming.
How did the Roosevelt administration respond to the Depression in agriculture?
During the 1930s, the Roosevelt administration responded to the depression in agriculture with commodity support programs that provided benefits to the more affluent commercial farmers, especially midwestern corn growers and southern cotton producers.
What did farmers receive during the war?
During the war, farmers received draft deferments as well as loans for increasing production through mechanization, land acquisition, and increased use of fertilizers. The index of gross farm production (with 1939 at 100) rose from 108 in 1940 to 126 in 1946.
What were the requirements of the American Revolution?
The American Revolution, for example, stemmed in part from British mercantilist regulations, including the requirements that the colonies ship certain commodities, such as tobacco, only to England, and that the English have a monopoly of the American market on certain foodstuffs such as tea.
What is the relationship between agriculture and war?
Agriculture and War. Agriculture and War. War and agriculture have often been intertwined during the nation’s history. Although this usually involved arable land and farm production, there were times when agricultural trade was at issue.
What was the Marshall Plan?
The damage to European agriculture in World War II and extensive aid given through the Marshall Plan to deter the expansion of communism led Washington to fund the marketing of American agricultural surpluses in Europe in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
What was the Westward Expansion of Agriculture?
The westward expansion of American agriculture was founded on military conquest and the displacement of Native Americans. The Mexican War of 1846–48 also involved westward expansion, this time at the expense of Mexicans as well as Indians.
What did the 1913 Land Act do to the Black Peasantry?
White farmers increased their petitions to the state to introduce measures that would intensify the application of those provisions of the 1913 Land Act aimed at eliminating what remained of an independent Black peasantry through sharecropping.
What was agriculture dominated by?
In the Orange Free State (OFS, now Free State Province) and the Transvaal (now made up of Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the North West provinces) agriculture was still dominated by rent landlordism, rather than commodity production up to the end of the Anglo-Boer war. Capitalisation of agriculture only really developed after the formation …
What were the effects of the 1913 Land Act on black squatters?
Combined with the impact of the 1913 Land Act and the increased demand for cheap labour on farms, black squatters faced increased pressure in the form of taxes, rents, evictions, and access to land.
How did the war affect agriculture?
The war had reduced the role of foreign competition as agricultural production in Europe was severely disrupted during the war years.
What was the period 1870-1920?
While the period 1870 -1920 saw the fundamental transformation of agriculture from small-scale individual producers to large-scale capitalist enterprises, the process itself was uneven throughout the country. The wide regional variation in the nature of production, labour and market conditions, as well as class differentiation among White farmers, …
Who was the driving force behind the Land Act of 1913?
In the OFS capitalisation of agriculture was hindered by the survival of a prosperous African peasantry, and it is not surprising that it was J. B.M Hertzog who was the driving force behind the legislation of the 1913 Land Act. When the National Party (NP) was formed in 1915, most farmers in the OFS left the South African Party …
What were the obstacles to farmers increasing their output in response to wartime demand?
The other major obstacle to farmers increasing their output in response to wartime demand was the shortage of farmworkers. It is estimated that about 16 million Americans served in the armed forces during the course of World War II, including hundreds of thousands who had previously worked as either farmers or farmworkers.
What did prisoners get paid for?
Under the terms of the Geneva Convention, prisoners could not be forced to work outside their camps, and were paid for their labor . Part of their pay went to cover the cost of operating the camps, but they were also given scrip to purchase items in camp stores.
What percentage of food was shipped during the Pearl Harbor attack?
By the end of the war, food shipments are estimated to have accounted for about 13 percent of the total. President Franklin Roosevelt established the War Production Board within weeks after the Pearl Harbor attack by Executive Order, with authority to regulate the wartime economy, soon replaced with the Congressionally-authorized Office …
When did the rationing requirement start?
With authority delegated by the OPA, Agriculture Secretary Claude Wickard imposed a rationing requirement on all types of farm equipment in September 1942, which remained in place more than two years.
When will Corteva insecticide be available?
New Corn Herbicide and Soybean Insecticide Under EPA Consideration for 2022 Season. Corteva Agriscience has a robust number of products it expects to introduce to U.S. farmers between now and 2023 for use in more than 10 crops. Rhonda Brooks.
When did the US enter the war?
Unlike the farm policies that were implemented in the first farm bills during the 1930’s, which encouraged farmers to reduce their production levels in a number of ways in order to reduce the supply glut, that approach was turned on its head when the United States formally entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Actually, the reversal in policy had begun somewhat quietly the previous year, as USDA opted to not impose planting restrictions on “basic commodities” that it was empowered to impose on farmers under its farm bill authority in 1940, and in the spring of 1941, the Department began to actively encourage farmers to grow more food.
What were the solutions to higher production demand and lower labor supply?
The solution to higher production demand and lower labor supply, at least according to the Extension Service, was technology —in the form of tractors. During the 1910s, tractors were not yet fixtures on North Carolina farms, and “horsepower” literally meant power provided by horses and mules. During the war, however, it was thought that tractors could make North Carolina farmers more efficient and productive. In addition, replacing animals with equipment meant less land needed for pasture, resulting in more land for cultivation.
What did women learn from cornmeal?
Women learned how to use cornmeal to save flour (made from wheat) and to serve leftovers creatively (reducing wastage). The home demonstration canning program predated the war, but it ramped up with the declaration of hostilities. At a canning school and conference held on the NC State campus in June 1917, agents canned blackberries, string beans, …
What were the conditions in North Carolina during the 1917 agricultural extension?
While a focus of the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service was food production, it ran headlong into conditions on the ground: labor shortages. With the draft of young men into the U.S. Army and Navy, and with the cities enticing rural people to higher paying industrial jobs, there was a shortage of farmworkers. As early as June 1917 county extension agents reported idle land with no one to work it. In September 1917 Extension Farm-News carried the headline “Labor must be utilized for production, first” and complained “it seems almost impossible to put more hands on the farms, because they are not to be found in either country or in towns.” The following year saw no letup of the crisis, as articles declared “Save the Farmers for Farming” and “Overcoming the Scarcity of Labor.”
How many farmers attended the tractor demonstration?
Two thousand farmers attended the tractor demonstration on August 28, twice the total convention attendance of 1917. In fact college President Wallace Riddick, in his annual report to the Board of Trustees, claimed there had been no previous convention with such high attendance.
What was the name of the college that hosted the Farmers and Farm Women’s Convention?
During the 1910s NC State College hosted the annual Farmers’ and Farm Women’s Convention. College faculty, as well as personnel of the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service (an earlier name for what is now NC Cooperative Extension), helped organize the events, presented the lectures, and conducted demonstrations …
When was canning school held in NC?
At a canning school and conference held on the NC State campus in June 1917, agents canned blackberries, string beans, and tomatoes under the shade trees, and McKimmon exhorted canning club members to teach canning practices to women unfamiliar with the techniques. That summer canning recipes appeared periodically in Extension Farm-News .
When did Labor must be utilized for production?
In September 1917 Extension Farm-News carried the headline “Labor must be utilized for production, first” and complained “it seems almost impossible to put more hands on the farms, because they are not to be found in either country or in towns.”.
What is a local trade directory?
The local trade directory is a good first step to identifying the farmers and smallholders in your area. This is a commercial directory so not all people are listed and the information can be slightly out of date, but they do offer a way of finding out details of who is living where.
What can a head teacher include in a harvest?
The amount of information in these can vary considerably, depending on the level of detail thought necessary by the head teacher, but they can include details of children absent from school to take part in a variety of harvests – blackberries, potatoes, nuts – with the consent of parents and the authorities.
How did farming help the war effort?
Farming played a crucial role in the war effort of all the combatant nations during the First World War; keeping the population fed, both military and civilian, was a key factor in maintaining not just physical strength but also morale and commitment to the war effort.
What was the watering down of milk?
The watering down of milk was a common complaint from consumers, and one that pre-dated the First World War period. Letters to the press from or about farmers can give an idea of the sorts of things that bothered people and how those concerns changed as the war progressed. Reports of the bringing in of the harvest can give an idea …
What does the report of the bringing in of the harvest tell us?
Reports of the bringing in of the harvest can give an idea of how good or bad the harvest was, but also the kinds of celebrations which took place and the people involved. Away from farming specifically, food as a topic features very heavily in the newspapers and gives an idea of how people coped with shortages, queues, price rises.
What is the 1911 census?
The 1911 census will give you more details of the farmer, his or her family and larger household. It will also give you a sense of just how many people within a locality depended on farming for their living. The Inland Revenue ‘Domesday’ Books and Maps offer a complementary source to the census.
Why did the government call for war agricultural committees?
In 1915, with concerns around food supplies mounting and with a view to securing future harvests, the government called for counties to establish War Agricultural Committees. The records that survive give an insight into how concerns around farming changed as the war continued.
