How did the commercialisation of agriculture affect the overall food situation?
Thus the commercialisation of agriculture, notwithstanding the gains it conferred on producers of special crops in certain areas, brought about deterioration in the overall food situation in the country by increasing exports of wheat and rice, reducing food stocks in the country, raising cereal prices and discouraging cultivation of inferior foo…
Can commercialisation of Agriculture bring about a change in small peasant farming?
Commercialisation of agriculture could not bring about a change in the production organisation which can be described as small peasant farming. This production organisation remained as the foundation of the cultivation of commercial crops despite commercial revolution.
How was agriculture commercialised in the 19th century?
The commercialisation of agriculture, was brought about by a series of developments which took place in the second half of the 19th Century. The most significant event was the revolution in the means of transport. The railways were rapidly extended, the route mileage increasing from 432 in 1859 to 1990 in 1881 and 25,363 in 1901.
What were the consequences of the commercial revolution in agriculture?
Another important consequence of the commercial revolution in agriculture was linking of the agricultural sector to the world market. Price movements and business fluctuations in the world markets began to affect the fortunes of the Indian farmer to a degree that it had never done before.
How did commercialization of agriculture resulted in famines class12?
The farmers were paid high for the production of the cash crops but this did not improve the economic condition of the farmers. It was because they had to produce more cash crops than the food crops. This resulted in famines all over the country.
How did commercialization of agriculture resulted in?
Commercialization of Indian agriculture resulted in reduced area under cultivation of food crops due to the substitution of commercial non-food grains in place of food grains. Between 1893-94 to 1945-46, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent.
What are the causes of commercialization of agriculture?
The enlargement and expansion of international trade and the entry of British finance capital also belted commercialization of agriculture. Increasing demand for some of the commercial crops in other foreign countries gave impetus to commercialization of agriculture.
How did the commercialization of agriculture affect the peasants?
The worst effect of commercialization was the oppression of Indian peasants at hands of European. This found expression in the famous Indigo revolt in 1859. Moreover, commercialization of Indian agriculture got manifested in series of famines which took a heavy toll of life.
What is commercialization of agriculture Class 8?
Commercialisation of agriculture is a phenomenon where agriculture is governed by commercial consideration i.e. certain specialised crops began to be grown not for consumption in village but for sale in national and even in international market. Commercialization of agriculture in India began during the British rule.
What do you mean by commercialization of agriculture Class 8?
The commercialization of agriculture means that the agricultural crops and goods are produced by the peasants for sale in the market and not for their own consumption.
What is commercialisation of agriculture Why did it arise in colonial India what negative impact it had on India?
The commercialisation of agriculture was a forced and artificial process for the majority of Indian peasants. It was introduced under coercion of the British and not out of the incentive of peasantry at large. The peasantry went for cultivation of commercial crops under duress.
What are the problems of commercialization of agriculture in Nepal?
Problems of Agriculture in Nepal There is a massive shortage of distribution, extension channel, knowledge, production and competition. Additionally, there is also a lack of proper agricultural infrastructures like storage facilities, market centre, roads, telecommunication and irrigation networks.
How commercialisation of agriculture led to disappearance of forest?
Large-scale and more field crops were cultivated in commercial farming to supply crops on large markets, resulting in deforestation of large forest areas. Large-scale trees were cleared to meet commercial farming targets in colonial times.
What was the impact of the growth of commercial crops?
Answer. Commercialisation encouraged social exchange and it made possible the transformation of Indian economy into capitalistic form. Commercialisation linked India with world economy. It led to the growth of high level social and economic system.
How did commercialization of agriculture lead to circulation of Labour?
Concept of circulation of labour: Commercialisation of agriculture has been responsible for the growth of migrant agricultural labour. Seasonal demand for these labourers increased in Green Revolution regions like: PUNJAB. Labourers migrate also due to the increasing inequalities in rural areas.
Why was the commercialization of agriculture in the colony a forced process?
Farmers had no means to pay the high revenue and rents. Many farmers also owed huge debts. Hence, they all resorted to growing only cash crops. This became a huge catastrophe when the famine would come around.
How did commercialization affect Indian agriculture?
Commercialization of Indian agriculture resulted in reduced area under cultivation of food crops due to the substitution of commercial non-food grains in place of food grains. Between 1893-94 to 1945-46, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent.
When did agriculture become commercialized?
Commercialization of agriculture became prominent around 1860 A.D (during American Civil War which boosted demand of Cotton from India to Britain as Aerica was not able to export Cotton).
What is commercialization of agriculture?
Commercialisation of agriculture is a phenomenon where agriculture is governed by commercial consideration i.e. certain specialised crops began to be grown not for consumption in village but for sale in national and even in international market. Commercialization of agriculture in India began during the British rule.
What was the British policy of one way trade?
British policy of one way free trade also acted as sufficient encouraging factor for commercialization as the manufactured items in textile, jute etc could find free entry in Indian markets, where as the manufactured goods did not have similar free access to European markets.
What were the main crops that were introduced to meet the demand in Britain?
Many commercial crops like, cotton, jute, tea, tobacco were introduced to meet the demand in Britain. The replacement of custom and tradition by competition and contract also led to the commercialization of Indian agriculture.
How was commercialization beneficial to British planters, traders and manufacturers?
The commercialization of agriculture beneficial to the British planters, traders and manufacturers, who were provided with opportunity to make huge profits by getting the commercialized agricultural products at, throw away prices.
Why were tea plantations encouraged in India?
Indigo and more than that, tea and coffee plantation were encouraged in India because these could get commercial market abroad. selfstudyhistory.com. Jute was another product that received attention of the English company because the jute made products got a ready market in America and Europe.
What event sparked off the process of commercialisation in agriculture?
Thirdly, another event that sparked off the process of commercialisation in agriculture was the American Civil War (1861-65). As the U.S.A. plunged into the Civil War, it transferred the British demand for raw cotton from America to India. Besides, exports of raw cotton, other raw materials like jute, oilseeds, and food-grains experienced a jump in exports. With the conclusion of the Civil War, exports of raw cotton fell off. But this was largely compensated by a great rise in domestic demand.
What was the decision to cultivate commercial crops?
The decision to cultivate commercial crops was usually determined by the requirements of subsistence farming of peasants. Thus, commercial agriculture in India had not been the product of an “allocative efficiency of peasants”. Production decision was entirely of peasants and profits (if any) from the marketed items were reaped by peasants.
What is commercialization of agriculture?
By commercialisation of agriculture we mean production of agricultural crops for sale in the market, rather than for family consumption. For marketization of agricultural products thus ‘surplus’ of production over consumption is required. But agriculture at that time was merely of the subsistence type.
What are the three types of commercialization in India?
There were three major types of agricultural commercialisation in India. The first form of commercialisation was associated with plantation agriculture, especially tea plantation of the northern districts of Bengal. The second type of commercialisation came to be known as ‘subsistence commercialisation’ or the ‘jute phase’.
What was the production decision of the Civil War?
Production decision was entirely of peasants and profits (if any) from the marketed items were reaped by peasants. Under the impact of commercial revolution that began with the beginning of the Civil War (1861-1865) in North America, farmers’ products were brought into the sphere of both internal and international trade.
Why did farmers have to sell their producers?
Farmers were forced to sell their producers to meet the revenue needs of the alien government as well as urban demand . Peasants had to cough up some surplus at least for the market since money had become indispensable to them. Thus commercialisation of agriculture was not a spontaneous one.
When did the Suez Canal open?
With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, transshipment costs of agricultural crops per cubic ton were reduced by roughly 30 p.c. Indian products, as a result, were sold at cheaper rates in Europe. Thus market—mainly for cotton—widened.
What was the commercialization of agriculture?
The commercialization of agriculture was a forced and artificial process for the majority of Indian peasants. It was introduced under coercion of the British and not out of the incentive of peasantry at large. The peasantry went for cultivation of commercial crops under duress.
Why did the commercialization of Indian agriculture take place not to feed the industries of India?
The commercialization of Indian Agriculture took place not to feed the industries of India because India was far behind in industrial development as compared to Britain, France, Belgium and many other European countries of eighteenth century.
What is the anti-imperialist historiography?
On the other hand anti-imperialist historiography (both nationalist and radical Marxist) emphasizing the negative impact of commercialization of agriculture and the integration implied that agricultural production in India was to be determined by imperial preferences and needs (Bhatia, 1967).
How did the American Civil War affect agriculture?
The American Civil War also indirectly encouraged commercialization of agriculture in India: the British cotton demand was diverted to India. The demand of cotton was maintained even after the civil war ceased because of the rise of cotton textile industries in India. The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated in India by …
How did the British influence India?
Commercialization of Agriculture . The British rule had pronounced and profound economic impact on India. The various economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of India’s economy into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by needs of the British economy.
How did India commercialize agriculture?
The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated in India by the British through their direct and indirect policies and activities. Firstly, the new land tenure system introduced in form of permanent settlement and Ryotwari Settlement had made agricultural land a freely exchangeable commodity.
Why was Indian agriculture commercialized?
The commercialization of Indian Agriculture was done primarily to feed the British industries that it was taken up and achieved only in cases-of those agricultural products which were either needed by the British industries or could fetch cash commercial gain to the British in the European or American market.
Why did the commercialization of Indian agriculture take place not to feed the industries of India?
The commercialization of Indian Agriculture took place not to feed the industries of India because India was far behind in industrial development as compared to Britain, France, Belgium and many other European countries of eighteenth century.
What is commercialization of agriculture?
Commercialisation of agriculture is a phenomenon where agriculture is governed by commercial consideration i.e. certain specialised crops began to be grown not for consumption in village but for sale in national and even in international market. Commercialization of agriculture in India began during the British rule.
Why did Indian money lenders advance cash advances to farmers?
Indian money lenders advanced Cash advances to the farmers to cultivate the commercial crops and if the peasants failed to pay him back in time, the land of peasants came under ownership of moneylenders. Most of the Indian people suffered miserably due to the British policy of commercialization of Indian agriculture.
Why did commercialization not encourage growth of land?
Commercialization of agriculture did not encouraged growth of land market because major profit of commercialisation went to company traders and mediators. Regional specialization of crop production based on climatic conditions, soil etc., was an outcome of the commercial revolution in agriculture.
What was the British policy of one way trade?
British policy of one way free trade also acted as sufficient encouraging factor for commercialization as the manufactured items in textile, jute etc could find free entry in Indian markets, where as the manufactured goods did not have similar free access to European markets.
What were the crops that were planted in India?
The beginning of the plantation crops like Tea, coffee, rubber, indigo etc heralded a new era in agricultural practices in India. These were essentially meant for markets and thus commercialization of agriculture took to new heights with the expansion of the British rule.
What was the worst effect of commercialization?
The worst effect of commercialization was the oppression of Indian peasants at hands of European. This found expression in the famous Indigo revolt in 1859. Moreover, commercialization of Indian agriculture got manifested in series of famines which took a heavy toll of life.
How did the commercial revolution affect Indian society?
The commercial Revolution had a far reaching impact on the socio-economic structure of the Indian rural society. It brought a severe break with the past for it remained no longer necessary for a village or even a whole region to be self- sufficient in food-grains and other necessaries of life.
Why did cash crops grow so quickly?
A basic reason for the rapid growth in the cultivation of cash crops was the fact that such a development was welcome to the British authorities in India. In the first place, the commercial interests of the company were vitally linked up with the export of indigo , tea, coffee, hides and skins and opium.
What was the agricultural industry in Deccan?
The irrigated areas in Deccan took to the cultivation sugar-cane; cotton growing became localised in Berar, Jute in Bengal and wheat in the canal colonies of the Punjab. The commercialisation of agriculture, was brought about by a series of developments which took place in the second half of the 19th Century.
What is the change in Indian agriculture called?
This change in Indian agriculture is called the commercialisation of Agriculture.
What was the value of India’s exports in 1859-60?
In 1859-60, the total value of India’s exports amounted to Rs. 29 crores; it rose to rupees 69 crores in 1879-80 and Rs. 166 crores in 1906-7. Wheat was mostly Exported to the U.K. Rice, however, was sent to every part of the world such as Ceylon, East Africa, West Indies and South America.
What was grain used for in the village?
Instead, grain was the standard of value which was used by the villagers for remunerating services or for effecting exchanges with each other.
What was the cause of the British shipping industry?
Another factor was the ‘revolution and depression’ in the British shipping industry. The revolution was caused when, from 1869 onwards, the new and more efficient steamships began to replace the old, slow moving sailing vessels, especially on long distance routes.
What were the benefits of new technology for farmers?
New technology, including chemicals and larger tractors, allowed farmers to work larger areas of land with less labor. 2 Government policies encouraged farmers to scale up their operations. Farmers were also motivated by economies of scale—the economic advantage of producing larger numbers of products.
What is the shift toward fewer and larger farms?
Consolidation in agriculture is the shift toward fewer and larger farms. The total number of U.S. farms declined from 5.39 million to 1.91 million between 1950 and 1997. Over the same period, the average size of U.S. farms more than doubled (from 215 to 487 acres). 17. Consolidation in U.S. hog farms, 1955–2015.
How does a combine harvester work?
The combine harvester performs two processes at once: cutting grain (reaping) and removing it from the inedible part (threshing). Mechanization in agriculture greatly reduced the need for human and animal labor. From 1950 to 2000, production on U.S. farms more than doubled with less than a third of the labor costs. 9.
What crops were cut from the fields?
In some cases, mechanization brought tremendous gains in efficiency. Grain and bean crops, such as corn, wheat, rice, and soy, must be cut from the fields (reaped) and removed from the inedible parts of the plant (threshed). Doing this by hand involves an enormous amount of time and effort.
What is a specialized farmer?
Specialized farmers, by contrast, can focus all their knowledge, skills, and equipment on one or two enterprises, such as growing corn and soy, or fattening beef cattle. Over the course of industrialization, specialization was applied to nearly all facets of food production. Diversified farms gave way to genetically uniform monocultures—fields …
What is the purpose of specialization?
Specialization aims to increase efficiency by narrowing the range of tasks and roles involved in production. A diversified farmer, for example, might need to manage and care for many different vegetable crops, a composting operation, a flock of egg-laying hens, a sow, and her litter of piglets.
What was the goal of industrialization?
The industrialization of agriculture is said to have achieved two goals: to “free” Americans from farming so they could join the labor force in offices and factories, and to make food and farming cheaper so Americans could afford to buy the products offered by new industries. 4. Photo public domain.
What were the main causes of the famines in recent history?
Crop irrigation impossible in such situations. There were various famines that were man-made. Grabbing land, wars and improper administration were the main reasons for many of the famines in recent history.
Why do we have famines?
Some of the prime reasons are population imbalance, scarcity of water or lack of rainfall, population imbalance, crop failure, government policies.
What were the major famines in India?
These famines caused a widespread scarcity of food and were responsible for numerous deaths across the country. The most significant famines in this list are the great Bengal famine of 1770 caused around 10 million deaths, skull famine or Doji bara famine caused 11 million deaths …
What are the effects of famine?
Effects of Famines. Starvation is nothing but the biological consequences of a continuous scarcity of food. During the famine, starvation occurs on a mass scale. Various diseases occur in the human body during famine-like cholera. It is caused by bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, which leads to an increased amount of water to be released from cells …
What are the causes of crop failure?
Natural Causes. Floods, cyclone, storms. Droughts. Earthquake. Droughts cause extreme scarcity of water and thus results in crop failure. On the other hand, floods and earthquakes can destroy crops or food storage places. These all result in food scarcity and eventually famines.
Is famine a natural phenomenon?
Since famine is majorly caused due to natural reasons, it is difficult to prevent it. However, there are certain ways of controlling the effects of famine. There should be surplus agricultural production beyond the requirements of the rural population.