How did the plantation system affect the culture of the south?
The plantation system came to dominate the culture of the South, and it was rife with inequity from the time it was established.
What is the difference between plantation agriculture and food crops?
But that distinction appears insufficient, as plantation agriculture can also involve the production of food crops, such as bananas or sugarcane, while food crops are increasingly produced largely for commercial purposes. Such is the case with the world’s three major crops: wheat, corn, and rice.
What is the difference between the modern plantation and traditional plantation?
Although Courtenay ( 1980) distinguishes between the modern/industrial and the traditional plantation, the main differences lie in the abolition of slavery along with the development of new economic systems. These new economic systems are allowed by liberalization in the late 19th century and technological innovations relying on scientific methods.
What happens to rural populations when land is transferred to plantations?
Rural populations, unless they have already been totally dispossessed during the land transfer to the plantations, may find themselves unable to continue to access land with demographic growth.
How did the plantation system change after the Civil War?
After the Civil War, sharecropping and tenant farming took the place of slavery and the plantation system in the South. Sharecropping and tenant farming were systems in which white landlords (often former plantation slaveowners) entered into contracts with impoverished farm laborers to work their lands.
How did the plantation system develop?
The plantation system developed in the American South as British colonists arrived in what became known as Virginia and divided the land into large areas suitable for farming.
How plantation agriculture is different from others?
Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown for the entire year. This type of farming requires large amount of labour and capital. The crop production may be further processed on the farm itself where it is grown or in nearby factories or small scale industries.
How is plantation farming different from that of shifting cultivation?
Plantation is a process in which we can plant more and more trees . It is also known as afforestation whereas in shifting agriculture is used to shift the crop to another land .
How did plantation crops and the slavery system change?
The cash crops changed from tobacco and rice to the new money maker cotton. Along with the crops changing the slave trade grew to replace the economic short fall in the Chesapeake area. These changed occurred due to the supply and demand of commonly bought goods.
What is a plantation agriculture?
Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. A large amount of labor and capital are required. The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.
What are the advantages of plantation farming?
Answer It creates more job opportunities to the local people. It is a source of income for a country. Crops are produced on large scale. Large estates are managed scientifically and efficiently.
What is the main characteristics of plantation agriculture?
(i) It is a single crop farming practised on a large area. (ii) Crops are mainly grown for the market. (iii) It is both labour intensive and capital intensive. (iv) It has an interface of agriculture and Industry.
What is the importance of plantation agriculture?
They play vital roe in improving the economy of the country. Economic importance : Most of the plantation crops are export oriented Ex : Cashew nut, beetlevine, Arecanut and Tea. Plantation crops earn foreign exchange for the country and they occupy 75% of the total earnings from the export of the agricultural produce.
What is difference between shifting cultivation and nomadic herding?
The key difference between shifting cultivation and nomadic herding is that in shifting cultivation, people do not travel with their animals, while in nomadic herding, a group of people travel to different places with their animals. Subsistence farming is a type of farming done to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.
What is difference between subsistence farming and commercial farming?
Commercial farming is mainly practised in developed countries. Commercial farming is cultivated for profits, whereas subsistence farming is for the consumption of the farmer and his/her family. Subsistence farming is generally dependent upon the monsoon. Subsistence farming is more dependent on animals and man power.
What is meant by shifting agriculture?
Shifting agriculture is a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.
What was the farming revolution?
Taking root around 12,000 years ago, agriculture triggered such a change in society and the way in which people lived that its development has been dubbed the ” Neolithic Revolution.”. Traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles, followed by humans since their evolution, were swept aside in favor of permanent settlements …
What is the meaning of “agriculture”?
agriculture. Noun. the art and science of cultivating land for growing crops (farming) or raising livestock (ranching). annual plant. Noun. plant with a life cycle of no more than one year, and often much less. barley. Noun. grass cultivated as a grain.
What mutation occurred during the spread of farming into southeastern Europe?
But at some point during the spread of farming into southeastern Europe, a mutation occurred for lactose tolerance that increased in frequency through natural selection thanks to the nourishing benefits of milk.
How long ago did goats come to Europe?
Dates for the domestication of these animals range from between 13,000 to 10,000 years ago. Genetic studies show that goats and other livestock accompanied the westward spread of agriculture into Europe, helping to revolutionize Stone Age society. While the extent to which farmers themselves migrated west remains a subject of debate, …
What were the effects of the ice age on the Near East?
In the Near East, for example, it’s thought that climatic changes at the end of the last ice age brought seasonal conditions that favored annual plants like wild cereals. Elsewhere, such as in East Asia, increased pressure on natural food resources may have forced people to find homegrown solutions.
Where did the wild produce originate?
The wild progenitors of crops including wheat, barley and peas are traced to the Near East region. Cereals were grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago, while figs were cultivated even earlier; prehistoric seedless fruits discovered in the Jordan Valley suggest fig trees were being planted some 11,300 years ago. Though the transition from wild harvesting was gradual, the switch from a nomadic to a settled way of life is marked by the appearance of early Neolithic villages with homes equipped with grinding stones for processing grain.
When did rice and millet farming start?
The origins of rice and millet farming date to around 6,000 B.C.E.
What is plantation agriculture?
Plantation agriculture is usually considered distinct from subsistence agriculture, which refers to food crop production, while the former is generally devoted to commercial crops. But that distinction appears insufficient, as plantation agriculture can also involve the production of food crops, such as bananas or sugarcane, while food crops are increasingly produced largely for commercial purposes. Such is the case with the world’s three major crops: wheat, corn, and rice. And, on the other hand, commercial crop production can be combined with that of food crops: This is a widespread practice among small cash crop producers in the developing world.
How did the plantation system take shape?
The plantation system took shape under colonialism in territories with a low population density, where large tracts of arable lands were appropriated by colonial administrations and mainly entrusted to private investors through a concession system. The establishment of plantations through the practice of tabula rasa in “empty” lands depended on military and political power that allowed for new forms of enclosure. These territories were to be developed as plantations, usually for the cultivation of nonindigenous crops, and by securing access to labor, which usually originated from distant places. This pattern common to all plantation agriculture and large-scale agribusiness can be better exemplified with the case of oil palm.
What are smallholdings in the tropics?
Despite the persistence of large-scale plantations in the tropics, smallholdings have consistently formed the backbone of rural economies, to the extent that they have become the main producers of some of the long-established plantation crops.
What was the origin of colonial agriculture?
The Colonial Origins of Plantation Agriculture. Plantation farming emerged as a large-scale system of specialized agriculture based on the bureaucratic management of labor, in opposition to smallholding subsistence agriculture, which is a basic feature of most human societies. Starting in the 16th century, European powers grabbed less densely …
What is the meaning of “plantation”?
According to Cosgrove ( 2001, p. 21), the term “plantation” describes the action of “rooting culture in a newly native soil.”. It appears only normal that “colony” and “plantation” are used interchangeably in 16th-century accounts of British settlements in Ireland (Courtenay, 1980, p. 9).
What are the three major crops?
Such is the case with the world’s three major crops: wheat, corn, and rice. And, on the other hand, commercial crop production can be combined with that of food crops: This is a widespread practice among small cash crop producers in the developing world.
Why is oil palm important to estates?
Modern oil palm production lends itself to estates because of its positive response to weed and bush control, regular employment of labour force and the need to process soon after harvesting. Once oil palm became a plantation crop, securing access to sufficient labor remained a practical problem in the Congo.
What is traditional agriculture?
Traditional agriculture can be defined as a primitive style of food production and farming that involves the intensive use of indigenous knowledge, land use, traditional tools, natural resources, organic fertilizer and cultural beliefs of the farmers. It is still the dominant agricultural food or production practice used by half …
What is the purpose of crop rotation?
The goal of crop rotation is to ensure positive interrelationships between cycling crops that will work together to build up soil health and fertility, and control soil erosion due to persistent root systems in the ground.
Why is intercropping important?
Intercropping creates biodiversity, which in turn improves pest management. It also helps in fumigating the soil by increasing soil organic matter and restrain weed growth. Hence Intercropping is a local approach that is based on traditional practices which is popular even today.
What are the advantages of polyculture?
The main advantage of poly culture is its ability to control weeds, pests and diseases without the use of chemicals. The opposite of monoculture is poly culture. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases stable yields. It improves the quality of soil.
How does intercropping affect crops?
However in intercropping, the whole range of crops are all planted together at the same time. Intercropping creates biodiversity, which in turn improves pest management.
What is intercropping in agriculture?
Usually, intercropping is a great way of maximizing use of resources, and increasing yields and diversity of harvest on a single plot of land. There are several different types of intercropping. It is important to note that intercropping is different compared to crop rotation.
What are the benefits of agroforestry?
Additional benefits include extra income for farmers, improving the soil structure and quality, reducing soil erosion, sequestering carbon, and more.
3.1. General
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, agricultural growth in the region was slow compared to the rates achieved in the past thirty years. Agricultural development in the recent past has been characterized by an extraordinary diversity both within and between countries.
3.2. Agriculture typology
According to the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) there are three basic types of agriculture. These are:
3.3. Changes in traditional patterns
During the rapid population growth and economic development that have occurred in the region there have been considerable changes in these three basic types of agriculture.
3.4. Per capita food production
The region annually produced 50 percent of the world’s total food crops, comprising cereals, roots and tubers, oil-crops and pulses, and almost 50 percent of the cereals (911 Mt) during the period ending 1995. Further, it produced as much as 91 percent (502 Mt) of the world’s rice paddy in 1995.
3.5. Policy reforms
Economic policies in most developing countries up to quite recently gave priority to industrialization as the core development strategy. However, there was insufficient appreciation of the need for vigorous agricultural growth as an essential condition for industrialization to firmly take root. The consequences for agriculture were serious.
3.6. Need for sustainable agricultural development
Sustainable development is now widely accepted as an imperative for continued prosperity in the region. It implies making strenuous efforts to meet the needs of a third of the world’s population without reducing the options that the next generation will have for meeting its own needs.
What makes farmers move to another place for farming?
This makes the farmers to move to another place for farming. 2. Deforestation. It is the process of the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land for the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests.
How does agriculture affect the environment?
The impacts of traditional agriculture on Environment are discussed below: 1. Depletion of Nutrients. The primitive style of framing like slash and burn decreases the organic matter from the soil and within the short period of time the nutrient content of the soil taken up by the crops. This makes the farmers to move to another place for farming.
How does deforestation affect soil?
The roots of the plant and trees firmly hold the soil, but the deforestation exposed the soil to get eroded by the weathering forces like rain, wind and storms which causes the loss of top fertile soil.
What is traditional farming?
Traditional Agriculture can be defined as a primitive style of farming that involves the intensive use of indigenous knowledge, traditional tools, natural resources, organic fertilizer and cultural beliefs of the farmers. It is noteworthy that it is still used by about 50% of the world population.
Where is slash and burn cultivation still practiced?
In the evolutionary period of agriculture, people used the practice of slash and burn cultivation or shifting cultivation, which is still prevalent in the tribal region of northeast India. Here, we are giving a brief note on traditional agriculture and its impact on the environment, which is very useful for competitive examinations like UPSC, …
Friday, October 3, 2014
French and the English were using slave labor to produce sugar on large plantations in 1640s. After many English islanders left to Chesapeake and Carolina, slavery moved with them. Tobacco was the dominant crop at that time in the English West Indies and Virginia. Because It requiring few labors and effort to produce it.
Why and how did plantation agriculture shape slavery in the Caribbean and Carolina?
French and the English were using slave labor to produce sugar on large plantations in 1640s. After many English islanders left to Chesapeake and Carolina, slavery moved with them. Tobacco was the dominant crop at that time in the English West Indies and Virginia. Because It requiring few labors and effort to produce it.
