how did the agricultural revolution influence cultural diffusion

The first agricultural revolution enabled people to settle down in one place. It also freed up some people who did not need to farm or gather food or hunt to do other things. They had time and energy to develop laws, practice art, and formalize religious practices.

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How did the Agricultural Revolution affect agriculture in Europe?

The Agricultural Revolution influenced cultural diffusion in many important ways. For starters, it created cohesive cultures based around a fixed… See full answer below.

How did the agricultural revolution lead to the development of cities?

 · Agriculture impact the development and diffusion of cultures because since people now to plant their own food they could settle, build houses, raise livestock, and farm, since our earlier ancestors…

How did the rise of agriculture affect human evolution?

The increase in agricultural production and technological advancements during the Agricultural Revolution contributed to unprecedented population growth and new agricultural practices, triggering such phenomena as rural-to-urban migration, development of a coherent and loosely regulated agricultural market, and emergence of capitalist farmers.

How did enclosure affect the Agricultural Revolution?

The agricultural revolution is the name given to a number of cultural transformations that initially allowed humans to change from a hunting and gathering subsistence to one of agriculture and animal domestications. Today, more than 80% of human worldwide diet is produced from less than a dozen crop species many of which were domesticated many years ago.

How did the Agricultural Revolution affect culture?

The agricultural revolution had a variety of consequences for humans. It has been linked to everything from societal inequality—a result of humans’ increased dependence on the land and fears of scarcity—to a decline in nutrition and a rise in infectious diseases contracted from domesticated animals.

What are 3 impacts from the Agricultural Revolution?

This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools, and the rise of the factory system.

How was agriculture diffused?

New hearths of innovation appeared as people developed new agricultural techniques, from systematic irrigation to metal plows, and those innovations were diffused through migration and cultural contact. In the modern world, we can see this through the diffusion of industrial and scientific farming techniques.

What type of diffusion is agriculture?

Social diffusion refers to the spread of an innovation from its originating sources (in the case of new farm practices usually agricultural scientists) among a group of potential users.

What cultural factors led to the Agricultural Revolution?

What cultural factors contributed to the Agricultural Revolution? A preference for living in a fixed place rather than as nomads may have led hunters and gatherers to build permanent settlements and to store surplus vegetation there.

How did agriculture impact society?

When early humans began farming, they were able to produce enough food that they no longer had to migrate to their food source. This meant they could build permanent structures, and develop villages, towns, and eventually even cities. Closely connected to the rise of settled societies was an increase in population.

Why was agriculture important to the development of civilization?

Humans invented agriculture. Farming enabled people to grow all the food they needed in one place, with a much smaller group of people. This led to massive population growth, creating cities and trade.

How did the spread of agriculture affect trade?

People settled near sources of fresh water, like rivers. How did the spread of agriculture affect trade? The farmers had discovered which grains gave the best yields and selected these for planting. They produced more food than they needed and were able to feed non-farmers such as craft workers and traders.

When did seed agriculture diffuse?

Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming. First, they grew wild varieties of crops like peas, lentils and barley and herded wild animals like goats and wild oxen.

How did the first Agricultural Revolution lead to specialization?

The surplus food production generated by villages in the vicinity allowed for some residents not to participate in food production, which led to the development of distinct specialized roles and associated classes.

How does agriculture affect human environmental interactions?

Agriculture is the leading source of pollution in many countries. Pesticides, fertilizers and other toxic farm chemicals can poison fresh water, marine ecosystems, air and soil. They also can remain in the environment for generations.

What was the first Agricultural Revolution?

The Neolithic Revolution, or the (First) Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

What were the effects of the agricultural revolution?

The increase in agricultural production and technological advancements during the Agricultural Revolution contributed to unprecedented population growth and new agricultural practices, triggering such phenomena as rural-to-urban migration, development of a coherent and loosely regulated agricultural market, and emergence of capitalist farmers.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the demand for rural labor?

The development and advancement of tools and machines decreased the demand for rural labor. That together with increasingly restricted access to land forced many rural workers to migrate to cities, eventually supplying the labor demand created by the Industrial Revolution.

How did free market capitalism affect farmers?

With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local markets and were less subject to having to sell at low prices into an oversupplied local market and not being able to sell their surpluses to distant localities that were experiencing shortages. They also became less subject to price fixing regulations. Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence. Under free market capitalism, farmers had to remain competitive. To be successful, they had to become effective managers who incorporated the latest farming innovations in order to be low-cost producers.

Why did agriculture increase in Britain?

The unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries. Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the century to 1770 and thereafter productivity remained among the highest in the world.

What was the most productive agricultural revolution in Europe?

The Agricultural Revolution gave Britain at the time the most productive agriculture in Europe, with 19th-century yields as much as 80% higher than the Continental average. Even as late as 1900, British yields were rivaled only by Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium.

Why did farmers become less dependent on their local markets?

With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local markets. This freed them from having to lower prices in an oversupplied local market and the inability to sell surpluses to distant localities experiencing shortages. They also became less subject to price fixing regulations. Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence.

How did the increase in food supply affect the population of England and Wales?

Social Impact. The increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in England and Wales, from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801 , although domestic production gave way increasingly to food imports in the 19th century as population more than tripled to over 32 million.

How did the agricultural revolution affect the human population?

The agricultural revolution in developing countries has produced large resident human populations with the potential for direct person-to-person spread of infection and greater environmental contamination by feces.

What was the agricultural revolution?

The agricultural revolution is the name given to a number of cultural transformations that initially allowed humans to change from a hunting and gathering subsistence to one of agriculture and animal domestications. Today, more than 80% of human worldwide diet is produced from less than a dozen crop species many of which were domesticated many years ago. Scientists study ancient remains, bone artifacts, and DNA to explore the past and present impact of plant and animal domestication and to make sense of the motivations behind early cultivation techniques. Archeological evidence illustrates that starting in the Holocene epoch approximately 12 thousand years ago (kya), the domestication of plants and animals developed in separate global locations most likely triggered by climate change and local population increases. This transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture occurred very slowly as humans selected crops for cultivation, animals for domestication, then continued to select plants and animals for desirable traits. The development of agriculture marks a major turning point in human history and evolution. In several independent domestication centers, cultivation of plants and animals flourished according to the particular environmental conditions of the region, whereas human migration and trade propelled the global spread of agriculture. This change in subsistence provided surplus plant food that accumulated during the summer and fall for storage and winter consumption, as well as domesticated animals that could be used for meat and dairy products throughout the year. Because these new survival strategies no longer required relocation and migration in search of food, humans were able to establish homesteads, towns, and communities, which, in turn, caused rapid increases in population densities and lead to the emergence of civilizations. This dependence on plant and animal domestication entailed a number of other environmental adaptations including deforestation, irrigation, and the allocation of land for specific crop cultivation. It also triggered various other innovations including new tool technologies, commerce, architecture, an intensified division of labor, defined socioeconomic roles, property ownership, and tiered political systems. This shift in subsistence mode provided a relatively safer existence and in general more leisure time for analytical and creative pursuits resulting in complex language development, and the accelerated evolution of art, religion, and science. However, increases in population density also correlated with the increased prevalence of diseases, interpersonal conflicts, and extreme social stratification. The rise of agriculture and the influence of genetics and culture (gene–culture coevolution) continue to affect modern humans through alterations in nutrition, predisposition to obesity, and exposure to new diseases. This chapter will cover the various regions that adopted early agricultural practices and look at the long-term positive and negative effects of agriculture on society.

What is the genetic signature of farmers and breeders from the Near East?

For instance, based on genetic information, an acculturation model by itself would not explain the presence of DNA markers in India known to signal the movement of pastoralists and agriculturists from the Levant. Today the genetic signature of farmers and breeders from the Near East can be traced using Y chromosome–specific ( Fig. 7.16) and mtDNA-specific lineages, as well as whole-genome genetic markers. 56 Y chromosome type J, for example, has a focus of high concentration within the Fertile Crescent and gradually diffuses along the Arabian Sea coast of Iran and Pakistan, as well as the littoral region of western India, eventually extending into Sri Lanka ( Fig. 7.16 ). This is the expected genetic distribution pattern if haplogroup J males migrated into the subcontinent, disseminating their genes along a coastal route in peninsular India. Specifically, Y haplogroup J2a-M410 exhibits a pattern of gene flow from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period about 10,000 ya into the Indian subcontinent. 57 More recent genetic studies suggest that the distribution of Y haplogroups J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia indicates a complex scenario of multiple expansions from the Near East to South Asia. 58 Maternally derived mtDNA lineages also indicate that a number of the West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups detected in the Indian populace are attributed to gene flow from the Near East about 9300 ya. 59 Whole-genome investigations also detected Eurasian gene flow from Iran and the Near East dating to the times of the Agricultural Revolution. 60 Additional recent studies based on specific genes, such as the one that controls lactose tolerance, suggest gene flow from Iran and the Middle East about 10,000 ya. 61 It seems that individuals in India carry the same lactose-tolerant gene mutation seen in the Near East and Europeans. Although there is always the possibility that the same gene variant (mutation) occurred in both places independently, it is more likely that a single lactose-tolerant gene originated in the Near East and then was transported to South Asia by migrating farmers. Altogether, these data are congruent with a demographic picture in which the lactose-tolerant mutation dispersed in two directions from the site of origin in the Near East during the Agricultural Revolution. One branch moved into Europe, whereas the other moved into South Asia using a coastal trajectory following the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean where the mutation is found. It is highly likely that this lactose-tolerant mutation reached polymorphic levels throughout its distribution range as a result of positive selection generated by the consumption of milk and dairy products made by farmers from domesticates.

What are the effects of urbanization?

Rapid urbanization, especially in the tropics, is often associated with increased poverty, poor housing and unsanitary conditions. The result is that people may be living in a more fecally polluted environment than in rural areas, encouraging such diseases as amebiasis and giardiasis.

How does agriculture affect humans?

The rise of agriculture and the influence of genetics and culture (gene–culture coevolution) continue to affect modern humans through alterations in nutrition, predisposition to obesity, and exposure to new diseases.

Why did humans establish homesteads?

Because these new survival strategies no longer required relocation and migration in search of food, humans were able to establish homesteads, towns, and communities, which, in turn, caused rapid increases in population densities and lead to the emergence of civilizations.

How did infectious diseases start?

The era of infectious diseases began after the agricultural revolution took place , a time when the community began to increase in size and live close to animals by farming and herding. The age of chronic diseases following the Industrial Revolution can be said to have been caused by increased caloric intake and by the growing number of factors detrimental to human health, such as smoking, exposure to chemicals, and stress, in the wake of the drastic change in humanity’s lifestyle. Accordingly, we can say that the pattern of disease is basically determined by the circumstances of the time. The changes that have already started in the contemporary age are increase of the human lifespan, along with a decrease in the fertility rate, an increase in the elderly population, and the weakening of binding power of the family. This shift will change not only the man-man relationship but also the man-machine relationship, thereby evolving into a relationship that is totally different from the past.

How many acres were there in the agricultural revolution?

Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual acts were put into place, enclosing 6.8 million acres. Agricultural Revolution: The unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

What were the new agricultural practices?

The Agricultural Revolution, the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries, was linked to such new agricultural practices as crop rotation, selective breeding, and a more productive use of arable land.

Why is rotation important for crops?

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to help restore plant nutrients and mitigate the build-up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one plant species is continuously cropped . Rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. The Norfolk System, as it is now known, rotates crops so that different crops are planted with the result that different kinds and quantities of nutrients are taken from the soil as the plants grow. An important feature of the Norfolk four-field system was that it used labor at times when demand was not at peak levels. Planting cover crops such as turnips and clover was not permitted under the common field system because they interfered with access to the fields and other people’s livestock could graze the turnips.

What crops were planted in the Middle Ages?

Following a two-field crop rotation system common in the Middle Ages and a three-year three field crop rotation routine employed later, the regular planting of legumes such as peas and beans in the fields that were previously fallow became central and slowly restored the fertility of some croplands.

Where did the Dutch plough come from?

The Dutch plough was brought to Britain by Dutch contractors. In 1730, Joseph Foljambe in Rotherham, England, used new shapes as the basis for the Rotherham plough, which also covered the moldboard with iron. By 1770, it was the cheapest and best plough available. It spread to Scotland, America, and France.

How did legumes help plants grow?

The planting of legumes helped to increase plant growth in the empty field due to the bacteria on legume roots’ ability to fix nitrogen from the air into the soil in a form that plants could use . Other crops that were occasionally grown were flax and members of the mustard family.

Why is crop rotation important?

It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.

Geography

1) Sheep originated in the Central Asian agricultural hearth over 9,000 years ago, but today are found in other places such as North America. This phenomenon is best explained by A. diffusion. B. breeding. C. migration. D. climate

world history

Which option most accurately explains the impact of the First Agricultural Revolution? Early humans ate more foods high in protein and low in starch and grains. Early humans created new social cultures, including laws and

Social Studies

Which of the following is an effect of the Agricultural Revolution in Middle America?

World History (Check Answer)

Which aspect of early chavin culture do archaeologists think influenced the later peoples of Peru? Political Structure Canals and Terraces Social Hierarchy Arts and Religion Is it Arts and Religion?

history

What cultural impact did Napoleon have on Europe? a.Napoleon affected culture by expanding education throughout Europe, leading to a rise in literacy among the wealthy. b.Napoleon changed culture in Europe by building French art

Social studies

What do you think was the most important outcome of the Agricultural Revolution and why? Use examples to support your answer.

The Second Agricultural Revolution

1. Which statement BEST summarizes how the technology of the second agricultural revolution affected farming? A: Farmers in developed nations began commercial farming. 2. Which of the following BEST describes subsistence farming

How did the agricultural revolution affect the environment?

One way the Agricultural Revolution impacted the environment was by transforming previously undisturbed land into farmland, which destroyed habitats for wildlife and decreased biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of life forms found within an ecosystem.

What was the agricultural revolution?

The Agricultural Revolution brought about experimentation with new crops and new methods of crop rotation. These new farming techniques gave soil time to replenish nutrients leading to stronger crops and better agricultural output. Advancements in irrigation and drainage further increased productivity.

How did agricultural inventions affect society?

These agricultural changes created a ripple effect that spread throughout society, with one of the more notable results being a rapid increase in population.

What was the invention of the plow?

The Agricultural Revolution saw the invention of the plow, which is a device that contains blades that effectively break up the soil. Plows created cuts within the soil for the sowing of seeds.

How does plowing affect water quality?

Extensive plowing, along with an increased use of pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation led to increased soil erosion, degraded soil quality and increased pollutant runoff into waterways. When pesticides and fertilizers are washed into local waterways, it promotes the growth of algae. This can lead to a decreased oxygen level in the water, harming fish and other marine organisms. It can also lead to water pollution that can compromise freshwater used by humans.

What was the farming revolution?

Taking root around 12,000 years ago, agriculture triggered such a change in society and the way in which people lived that its development has been dubbed the ” Neolithic Revolution.”. Traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles, followed by humans since their evolution, were swept aside in favor of permanent settlements …

What mutation occurred during the spread of farming into southeastern Europe?

But at some point during the spread of farming into southeastern Europe, a mutation occurred for lactose tolerance that increased in frequency through natural selection thanks to the nourishing benefits of milk.

Why did people start farming?

In the Near East, for example, it’s thought that climatic changes at the end of the last ice age brought seasonal conditions that favored annual plants like wild cereals. Elsewhere, such as in East Asia, increased pressure on natural food resources may have forced people to find homegrown solutions. But whatever the reasons for its independent origins, farming sowed the seeds for the modern age.

Where did the wild produce originate?

The wild progenitors of crops including wheat, barley and peas are traced to the Near East region. Cereals were grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago, while figs were cultivated even earlier; prehistoric seedless fruits discovered in the Jordan Valley suggest fig trees were being planted some 11,300 years ago. Though the transition from wild harvesting was gradual, the switch from a nomadic to a settled way of life is marked by the appearance of early Neolithic villages with homes equipped with grinding stones for processing grain.

When did rice and millet farming start?

The origins of rice and millet farming date to around 6,000 B.C.E.

When was rice first grown?

The origins of rice and millet farming date to around 6,000 B.C.E. The world’s oldest known rice paddy fields, discovered in eastern China in 2007, reveal evidence of ancient cultivation techniques such as flood and fire control.

How long ago did goats come to Europe?

Dates for the domestication of these animals range from between 13,000 to 10,000 years ago. Genetic studies show that goats and other livestock accompanied the westward spread of agriculture into Europe, helping to revolutionize Stone Age society. While the extent to which farmers themselves migrated west remains a subject of debate, …

How does cultural evolution work?

Cultural evolution is based on transmission of behavioural traits in the interaction between individuals, plus the accumulation and update of content in shared memory implemented as libraries and databases. This allowed the catholic clergy to be a stable system even though priests are not expected to have children at all and those they had nevertheless rarely became priests. It also allowed rapid change of cultural characteristics. Only a few generations ago it was considered ‘insisting on marital duties’ when a man forced himself on his w

When did farmers use irrigation?

Farmers in the Mesopotamian plain used irrigation from at least the third millennium BCE. They developed perennial irrigation, regularly watering crops throughout the growing season by coaxing water through a matrix of small channels formed in the field.

Why is irrigation important?

Irrigation as a method of increasing the agricultural crop productivity is one of the most important disruptive innovations of humankind through its history. It is as important as cultivation of plants and domestication of animals. Availability of fresh water still remains the issue of vital importance for survival of population in many areas of the planet, and this issue only becomes more important as time goes by.

How did the Egyptians use basin irrigation?

Ancient Egyptians practiced basin irrigation using the flooding of the Nile to inundate land plots which had been surrounded by dykes. The flood water remained until the fertile sediment had settled before the engineers returned the surplus to the watercourse.

When was irrigation invented?

The earliest known use of the technology dates to the 6th millennium BCE in Khuzistan in the south-west of present-day Iran.

Why are traditional dishes re-furbished?

The goods the traders exported to other countries have been re-invented and given different uses and the traditional dishes have been re-furbished to meet the local people’s tastes, giving birth toto different varieties of the dishes.

When did irrigation begin in Nubia?

Irrigation began in Nubia some time between the third and second millennia BCE. It largely depended upon the flood waters that would flow through the Nile River and other rivers in what is now the Sudan.