Irrigation confers indirect benefits through increased agricultural production. Employment potential of irrigated lands, increased production, helps in developing allied activities, means of water transport etc. are improved income of government from agriculture.
What is the contribution of irrigation to agricultural output?
· How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era? 2 See answers Advertisement zaynahmonsoor Answer: Irrigation ditches were used to mark the boundaries between crops. Irrigation allowed for the movement of water to fields, even without rain. This made it easier to grow crops and have more food.
How much investment was made on irrigation during the planning period?
· How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era? Irrigation made it possible to grow rice in very dry climates. Irrigation was developed to bring water to animals on farms. Irrigation ditches were used to mark the boundaries between crops. Irrigation allowed for the movement of water to fields, even …
Why is the cost of irrigation increasing?
· However, extensive groundwater development did not begin until after WWII, aided by improved access to electricity, combustion engines, deep well turbine pumps and right …
What are the indirect benefits of irrigation?
Thus the imperative for agriculture is to increase output per unit of resource inputs. Efficient irrigation technologies, products and services are an effective means of increasing agriculture …
How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era quizlet?
Answer: How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era? Irrigation made it possible to grow rice in very dry climates.
How did irrigation impact agriculture?
Irrigation affects the spatial distribution of agricultural production by allowing: (i) the growing of crops on land that was unable to sustain agriculture under rainfed conditions; (ii) the more intensive growing of existing crops; and (iii) the growing of alternative crops.
How does irrigation help improve farming?
Irrigation, one of the many important aspects in feeding the world, allows farmers and producers to control the amount of water that is placed on the field which allows the crop to get the needed amount of water for growth and development; essentially creating a higher yield.
What are the advantages of irrigation?
Benefits of Irrigation SystemsSaves Time. An automatic irrigation system will save you plenty of time that you in the past would have spent watering your lawns, gardens and flowers. … Saves Money. … Saves Water. … Improves Growth. … Weed Reduction.
What is irrigation in agriculture?
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly.
What are the effects of irrigation?
Direct effects Likewise, irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the atmosphere, inducing atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall, or in other cases modifies the atmospheric circulation, delivering rain to different downwind areas.
Which irrigation increases agricultural productivity?
With the ICU irrigation system, farmers will increase farm profitability through reduction of water needs and fertilizer cost by converting from furrow irrigation and broadcast irrigation to drip irrigation and fertigation (the process of introducing fertilizer to plant roots through irrigation water).
Why was learning about irrigation important for farmers?
Irrigation increased the amount of food farmers were able to grow. In fact, farmers could produce a food surplus, or more than they needed. Farmers also used irrigation to water grazing areas for cattle and sheep.
Why is irrigation important to us?
Estimates vary, but about 70 percent of all the world’s freshwater withdrawals go towards irrigation uses1. Large-scale farming could not provide food for the world’s large populations without the irrigation of crop fields by water gotten from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wells.
What is the main advantage and disadvantage of irrigation agriculture?
Comparison Table for Irrigation Advantages And DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesHelpful in low rainfall areaInitial process is costlyImproves yield of cropOverflow of water can increase the chance of waterborne diseasesMakes possible to grow cash cropsIt can lead to loss of land and residence3 more rows•Mar 9, 2022
Abstract
We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water.
Background and Literature
With a few exceptions, precipitation in the United States west of the 98 th Meridian is not sufficient for intensive agricultural production. While the ability of the region to support agriculture was questioned initially, early settlement in areas with access to water demonstrated that agricultural production was possible.
Data
For our analysis, we construct a panel data set consisting of 2,920 U.S. counties with 18 observations from 1910 to 2007. Our main analysis, however, uses only the subsample from the arid 17 western states.
Empirical Model
To explore the differential influence of groundwater and expanded surface water access, we would like to run the following regression:
Results
Results for the primary specification, with and without county fixed effects, are provided in Table 2. We focus on Panel A because the estimated impacts for post-1940 are quite stable between the models, and foregoing fixed effects exposes an interesting result in the 1910–1940 period.
Discussion and Conclusion
Over the 100 years examined, additional water access provided substantial gains in productivity and value for the arid West.
Footnotes
The authors wish to thank Muyang Ge for her research assistance, as well as Lee Alston, Zeynep Hanson, Edwyna Harris, Bryan Leonard, Gary Libecap, Sara Sutherland, two anonymous reviewers, and editor William Collins for comments on earlier drafts.
How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era?
How did the development of irrigation improve agricultural output during the Neolithic era? Irrigation made it possible to grow rice in very dry climates. Irrigation was developed to bring water to animals on farms. Irrigation ditches were used to mark the boundaries between crops. Irrigation allowed for the movement of water to fields, even without rain.
What are the four main purposes of academic writing?
Weegy: The four main purposes for academic writing are to Inform, Entertain, Persuade, and Convince. User: A logical …
How does irrigation affect agriculture?
Irrigation confers indirect benefits through increased agricultural production. Employment potential of irrigated lands, increased production, helps in developing allied activities, means of water transport etc. are improved income of government from agriculture. Availability of regular water supply will increase the income of farmers imparting a sense of security and stability in agriculture.
What is the biggest problem in the irrigation sector?
The biggest problem in our major and medium irrigation sectors right from the First Five Year Plan has been the tendency to start more and more new projects resulting in wanton proliferation of projects. There is also delay in utilisation of potentials already present. In most of the projects, there have been delays in construction of field channels and water courses, land leveling and land shaping.
How much land is cultivable waste?
Cultivable waste land comprises another 13.83 million hectares. Cultivation On all such lands is impossible in some cases while in others it requires substantial capital investment to make land fit for cultivation. Provision of irrigation facilities can make some portion of this land cultivable.
How many hectares of land were fallow in 1999?
Total reporting area for land utilization statistics was 306.05 million hectares in 1999-2000. Of this 19.44 million hectares was current fallow land. Current fallows include lands which are lying fallow for less than one year other than current fallows includes land lying un-ploughed for one to five years.
Why is the water table declining?
There has been a steady decline in water table in the recent period in several parts of the country, especially in the western dry region, on account over exploitation of ground water and insufficient recharge from rain water.
What is the main factor that affects agricultural productivity?
Increase in agricultural production and productivity depends, to a large extent, on the availability of water.
Why is Indian agriculture called a gamble in the monsoon?
That is why Indian agriculture is called a gamble in the monsoon. 1. Insufficient, uncertain and irregular rain causes uncertainty in agriculture. The period of rain is restricted to only four months in a year, June to September, when monsoon arrives.
What is 1D1F in agriculture?
Launched in August 2017, the One District, One Factory (1 D1F) initiative aims to promote industrialisation and create higher paying jobs by establishing at least one factory or enterprise in each of the 216 districts. An important part of this is agriculture-related, value-added services such as agro-processing.
What crops increased in 2017?
In 2017, the output of all major staples – maize, rice, millet, sorghum, cassava, yams and soybeans – increased. According to the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) annual maize output increased by 15.3% from 1.7m tonnes in 2016 to 2m tonnes in 2017, rice was up 4.9% from 687,680 tonnes to 721,610 tonnes, millet improved some 3.6% from 159,370 tonnes to 164,680 tonnes, cassava 7.5% from 17.2m tonnes to 19.1m tonnes, yams 10.9% from 7.4m tonnes to 8.3m tonnes and soybean output by 19% from 143,200 tonnes in 2016 to 170,500 tonnes in 2017. The largest increase for staple crops was in sorghum output, which grew 20.9% from 229,610 tonnes in 2016 to 277,540 tonnes the following year.
When did irrigation expand?
Examination of pre-1940 counties demonstrates that although irrigation expanded after 1940, areas with access to both ground and surface water resources have more valuable farms and higher value crops prior, even when controlling for quality of land and population. This important insight has not come to light when considering the sources of water independently and indicates that groundwater matters even prior to wide spread pumping and center pivots. As the historical discussion makes clear, the development of irrigated agriculture is well underway around 1900 and expands dramatically around 1940. This paper is the first to quantify this important shift and fully analyze its economic impact.
When was irrigated acreage available?
Similarly, data on the number of acres irrigated with Bureau of Reclamation water at the county level are only available in 1910, when very little was irrigated by the organization, and in 1950. Besides the limited availability, using irrigated acreage to define access is itself problematic since irrigators can choose to apply more water to existing acreage or expand acreage. And while !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Can a Bureau of Reclamation dam and reservoir provide water to land in counties downstream?
we could construct treatment by the presence of a Bureau of Reclamation dam and reservoir, these projects can, and often do, provide water to land in counties downstream.9
Is precipitation in the United States west of the 98th Meridian sufficient for intensive agricultural production?
With a few exceptions, precipitation in the United States west of the 98thMeridian is not sufficient for intensive agricultural production. While the ability of the region to support agriculture was questioned early on, early settlement of the region in areas with access to water demonstrated that agricultural production was possible. American Indians were the first
Is irrigation an intermediary step between electricity and farm production?
farm output, productivity, and land value, but do not discuss irrigation as an intermediary step between electricity and farm production. However, the role of irrigation has not been missed entirely. Lewis and Severnini (2014) show the close relationship between the rollout of the US electrical grid and the development of irrigation, which on-farm electricity made more cost-effective. Still, much of the literature directly addressing irrigation has focused on the institutions governing water, for instance property rights (Clark 1960; Anderson and Hill 1975; Burness & Quirk 1979; Gisser 1983), irrigation organizations (Bretsen and Hill 2006), and collective action problems (Edwards 2016; Smith 2016). More recently, research has turned to focus on the current and future challenges posed by climate change, some focusing on the role of irrigation (Gleick 2010; Schlenker et al. 2005). The causal effect of irrigation on the agricultural development of the western United States, in contrast, has not been fully explored. There exists literature on the political economy and financial returns of the Bureau of Reclamation projects, generally critical of the public investments (Reisner 1993; Shapiro 1973), but little is done to put the impact on productivity in context. The most effective research linking irrigation and development has explored the abrupt increase in the value of the Ogallala aquifer with the rapid adoption of center-pivot irrigation around 1950 (Hornbeck and Keskin 2014; Hornbeck and Keskin 2015). The key challenge with estimating the causal impact of a groundwater resource is the potential for these resources to be co-located with other land characteristics favorable to agricultural production. To overcome this, these papers exploit the variation in aquifer access using a pre/post design, where initially aquifer access does not provide irrigation benefits. The empirical design is not without issues; due to the development of the Great Plains states from east to west and the aquifer location on the western parts of most of these states, measures of agricultural development like farmland acres and farm value are increasing from 1900-1930 in areas overlying the Ogallala, relative to others, although by 1920 overlying and non-overlying counties (within 61 miles of the aquifer’s borders) are not statistically differentiable (Hornbeck and Keskin 2014). Still, this is compelling work suggesting that irrigation water was quite valuable to irrigation, at least in the Great Plains.
